I will also have to explain how I became involved in the activities of these organizations. In December, Mr. Goldreich and his family also moved in. If the Court is in doubt about this, it will be seen that the whole history of our organisation bears out what I have said, and what I will subsequently say, when I describe the tactics which Umkhonto decided to adopt. Even worse than this is the fact that pass laws keep husband and wife apart and lead to the breakdown of family life. - PICTURES- *President Of South Africa* -Imprisonment- The Life and Times Of Nelson Mandela.. - Nelson Mandela was imprisoned in Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven yrs. Hence members who undertook such activity would not be subject to disciplinary action by the ANC. In fact, some of these and a number of later acts were claimed by other organizations. The ANC has never at any period of its history advocated a revolutionary change in the economic structure of the country, nor has it, to the best of my recollection, ever condemned capitalist society. But it is a land of extremes and remarkable contrasts. There were several lectures in draft form.

I realise that it is one of the main means by which people of all races can be drawn into our struggle. My guardian was my cousin, who was the acting paramount chief of Thembuland, and I am related both to Sabata Dalindyebo, the present paramount chief, and to Kaiser Matanzima, the Chief Minister for the Transkei. Housebreakings and robberies are increasing, despite the fact that the death sentence can now be imposed for such offences. The land, then the main means of production, belonged to the tribe. Prior to the banning of the Communist Party, joint campaigns involving the Communist Party and the Congress movements were accepted practice. It is not true that the enfranchisement of all will result in racial domination. Incidentally, the terms High Command and Regional Command were an importation from the Jewish national underground organization Irgun Zvai Leumi, which operated in Israel between 1944 and 1948. This pattern of co-operation between communists and non-communists has been repeated in the National Liberation Movement of South Africa. In the statement which I am about to make I shall correct certain false impressions which have been created by State witnesses. The whites enjoy what may well be the highest standard of living in the world, whilst Africans live in poverty and misery. Egal ob Newsletter, YouTube, Instagram oder Facebook – es gibt viele Möglichkeiten auf dem Laufenden zu bleiben! Having said this, I must deal immediately and at some length with the question of violence. I want, therefore, to say something about the African National Congress. On the 21st of March 1960, sixty-nine unarmed Africans died at Sharpeville. This allegation has been repeated in the present case, but as I will show, the ANC is not, and never has been, a communist organization. Children wander about the streets of the townships because they have no schools to go to, or no money to enable them to go to school, or no parents at home to see that they go to school, because both parents, if there be two, have to work to keep the family alive.

I do not however, deny that I planned sabotage.

He was released from prison in 1990 by President Frederik Willem de Klerk. But white governments remained unmoved, and the rights of Africans became less instead of becoming greater. We chose to defy the Government. In Africa I was promised support by such men as Julius Nyerere, now President of Tanganyika; Mr. Kawawa, then Prime Minister of Tanganyika; Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia; General Abboud, President of the Sudan; Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia; Ben Bella, now President of Algeria; Modibo Keita, President of Mali; Leopold Senghor, President of Senegal; Sekou Toure, President of Guinea; President Tubman of Liberia; and Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda and Kenneth Kaunda, now Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia.

The ANC has spent half a century fighting against racialism.

These instructions have been referred to in the evidence of "X" and "Z". I just want to refer, again, just to two passages. Another of the allegations in the indictment is that Rivonia was the headquarters of Umkhonto.

The avoidance of civil war had dominated our thinking for many years, but when we decided to adopt sabotage as part of our policy, we realised that we might one day have to face the prospect of such a war. Many African children who attended schools depended on this supplement to their diet. South Africa is the richest country in Africa, and could be one of the richest countries in the world. For thirty-seven years - that is until 1949 - it adhered strictly to a constitutional struggle. What we aimed at was the vote for all and on this basis we could appeal to all social groups in South Africa, and expect the maximum support from the African states.